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2004Çг⵵ ¼ö½Ã¸ðÁý Àι®°è ³í¼ú½ÃÇè ¸ðÀÇ°í»ç 2
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Á¦½Ã¹® (°¡)´Â ·ÎÅ©ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í, (³ª)´Â °¡·¿ ÇϵòÀÇ °øÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ºñ±Ø(The Tragedy of the Commons), (´Ù)´Â ¼öÀÎ(áöìÑ)ÀÇ µô·¹¸¶(Prisoner's dilemma)ÀÌ´Ù.
1) Á¦½Ã¹® (°¡)¿¡¼ ·ÎÅ©°¡ °øÀ¯¹°À» »çÀ¯ÈÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ³»¼¼¿ì°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö¸¦ ¹àÈ÷°í,
2) (³ª)ÀÇ ³í¸®¿¡ µû¶ó °øÀ¯Áö¸¦ »çÀ¯ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ß±âÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡°ú ¿øÀÎÀ» ¹àÈù ´ÙÀ½,
3) (´Ù)¿¡¼ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã»çÁ¡À» ã¾Æ, ·ÎÅ©ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ »çÀ¯È¸¦ Á¤´çÈÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ °£°úÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐ°ú ¿¬°á½ÃÄѼ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÇØ°áÇϽÿÀ.
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¡¼³ª¡½¾î¶² ¸¶À»¿¡ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Å©±âÀÇ ¸ñÃÊÁö°¡ ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ ¸ñÃÊÁö´Â ¸¶À»ÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ó°¡¿¡°Ô °¡ÃàÀ» ¹æ¸ñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï °³¹æµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °øÀ¯Áö¶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. À̶§ °¢ ³ó°¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡ÃàÀ» ÀÌ °øÀ¯Áö¿¡¼ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ¸¹ÀÌ Å°¿ì·Á ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¢ ³ó°¡ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ãµµ´Â °øÀ¯Áö°¡ °¡Ãàµé·Î ºÕºñ±â ÀÌÀü±îÁö´Â Å©°Ô ¹®Á¦½ÃµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °øÀ¯Áö°¡ °¢ ³ó°¡ÀÇ °¡Ãàµé·Î ºÕºñ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ °¢ ³ó°¡´Â °øÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ¸ñÃÊ°¡ ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ ³ó°¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡ÃàµéÀ» ±â¸£±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÑ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °ÆÁ¤Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î °³ÀÎÀÌÀÍÀÇ ±Ø´ëȸ¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °¢ ³ó°¡´Â °øÀ¯ÁöÀÇ °¡Ãà ¼ö¿ë´É·ÂÀ» °ÆÁ¤Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â °øÀ¯Áö¿¡¼ ¹æ¸ñÇÏ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡Ãà ¼ö¸¦ ´Ã¸®´Â ÀÏ¿¡ °ñ¸ôÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ¸¶À»ÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ó°¡°¡ ¼ÕÇظ¦ º¸°Ô µÇ´Â Çö»óÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¿Ö °¢ ³ó°¡´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦»óȲ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡ÃàÀ» °øÀ¯Áö¿¡ Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ÅõÀÔÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» ±×Ä¡Áö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ´Â°¡? ÀÌ ¸¶À»ÀÇ °¢ ³ó°¡°¡ °øÀ¯Áö¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡ÃàÀ» Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æ¸ñÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ÀÇ ¿©ºÎ¸¦ °í·ÁÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ. ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù¸é °¢ ³ó°¡´Â °øÀ¯Áö¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡ÃàÀ» Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æ¸ñÇÏ´Â µ¥ µû¶ó »ý±â´Â ±â´ë¼öÀÍ°ú ±â´ëºñ¿ëÀ» ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¼öÀÍÀÌ ºñ¿ëº¸´Ù ¸¹À» °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǴܵǸé Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æ¸ñÇÒ °ÍÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ°í, ¹Ý´ë·Î ±â´ëºñ¿ëÀÌ ±â´ë¼öÀÍÀ» ÃÊ°úÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǴܵǸé Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¸ñÀ» Æ÷±âÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì, °¢ ³ó°¡ÀÇ ±â´ë¼öÀÍÀº °¢ ³ó°¡°¡ Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î °øÀ¯Áö¿¡ ÅõÀÔÇÑ °¡ÃàÀ» ±æ·¯ ÆȰųª ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý»êµÇ´Â ¿ìÀ¯¸¦ ÆǸÅÇÑ ´ë±ÝÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±× Å©±â´Â 100¸¸¿øÀ̶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇÏÀÚ.
ÇÑÆí °¢ ³ó°¡ÀÇ ±â´ëºñ¿ëÀº °¡ÃàÀÇ Ãß°¡¹æ¸ñ ÀÌÈÄ ¸ñÃÊÀÇ ºÎÁ·À¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â °¡ÃàÀÇ ¹ßÀ°ºÎÀü µîÀ» ±Ý¾×À¸·Î ȯ»êÇÑ °ÍÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç ÀÌÀÇ Å©±â¸¦ ¼öÀÍÀÇ Å©±â¿Í °°Àº 100¸¸¿øÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÚ. ¸¸ÀÏ °¢ ³ó°¡°¡ ºÎ´ãÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀÇ Å©±â°¡ 100¸¸¿ø ÀÌ»óÀÌ¸é °¢ ³ó°¡´Â °øÀ¯Áö¿¡¼ÀÇ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¸ñÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Ãß°¡¹æ¸ñ¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼öÀÍÀº °¢ ³ó°¡°¡ È¥ÀÚ Â÷ÁöÇÏÁö¸¸ ºñ¿ëÀº ´Ù¸¥ ³ó°¡¿Í ÇÔ²² ºÎ´ãÇÏ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î °¢ ³ó°¡°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ºÎ´ãÇؾßÇÏ´Â ºñ¿ëÀº ±â´ë¼öÀÍÀÇ Å©±âÀÎ 100¸¸¿ø¿¡ ÈξÀ ¸ø ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Áï, °¢ ³ó°¡ÀÇ ±â´ë¼öÀÍÀÌ ±â´ëºñ¿ëÀ» ÃÊ°úÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °¢ ³ó°¡´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¸ñÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó À¯ÇÑÇÑ °øÀ¯Áö¿¡¼ °¢ ³ó°¡ÀÇ Ãß°¡¹æ¸ñ °æÀïÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀÌ °è¼ÓµÉ ¶§, °øÀ¯Áö´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î´À ³ó°¡ÀÇ °¡Ã൵ ±â¸¦ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Ȳ¹«Áö·Î º¯ÇÏ°í ¸¸´Ù. °³ÀÎÀÌÀ͸¸ÀÇ Ãß±¸°¡ ¸ðµÎÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀ» °¡¸®ÄÑ ¡°°øÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ºñ±Ø(tragedy of commons)¡±À̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù.
¡¼´Ù¡½Tanya and Cinque have been arrested for robbing the Hibernia Savings Bank and placed in separate isolation cells. Both care much more about their personal freedom than about the welfare of their accomplice. A clever prosecutor makes the following offer to each. "You may choose to confess or remain silent. If you confess and your accomplice remains silent I will drop all charges against you and use your testimony to ensure that your accomplice does serious time. Likewise, if your accomplice confesses while you remain silent, they will go free while you do the time. If you both confess I get two convictions, but I'll see to it that you both get early parole. If you both remain silent, I'll have to settle for token sentences on firearms possession charges. If you wish to confess, you must leave a note with the jailer before my return tomorrow morning."
The "dilemma" faced by the prisoners here is that, whatever the other does, each is better off confessing than remaining silent. But the outcome obtained when both confess is worse for each than the outcome they would have obtained had both remained silent. A common view is that the puzzle illustrates a conflict between individual and group rationality. A group whose members pursue rational self-interest may all end up worse off than a group whose members act contrary to rational self-interest. More generally, if the payoffs are not assumed to represent self-interest, a group whose members rationally pursue any goals may all meet less success than if they had not rationally pursued their goals individually.
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